---
title: ""
url: "https://books.drcassone.com/10/acupuncture-moxibustion-in-the-treatment-of-irritable-bowel-syndrome/194/-"
---

# V. REFERENCES

Abdullah, M., Firmansyah, M., (2013). Clinical approach and management of diarrhea. Acta Med Indones, 2013;45:157-65

Anastasi, J., McHahon, D., Kim, G., (2009). Symptom management for irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot randomized controlled trial of acupuncture/moxibustion. Gastroenterol Nurs, 32:243-55

Blackshaw, L., Brookes, S., Grundy, D., Schemann, M., (2007). Sensory transmission in the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil, 19(1):1-19

Burnstock, G., Kennedy, C., (2011). P2x receptors in health and disease. Adv Pharmacol, 61:333-372

Burnstock, G., (1997). The past, present and future of purine nucleotides as signaling molecules. Neuropharmacology, 36(9):1127-1139

Camilleri, M., Sellin, J., Barrett, K., (2016). Pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of chronic watery diarrhea. Gastroenterology, doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.014

Chao, G., Zhang, S., (2014). Effectiveness of acupuncture to treat irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol, 20(7):1871-1877, doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1871

Chen, Y., Chen, X., Yin, X., Comparison of the therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture and probiotics combined with deanxit in treating diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi, 32:594-598, doi: 10.7661/CJIM.2012.594

Cole, S., Duncan, H., Claydon, A., Austin, D., Bowling, T., Silk, D., (2002). Distal colonic motor activity in four subgroups of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci, 47:345-355

Dong, W., Zou, D., Li, Z., Xu, G., Zou, X., Zhu, A., Yi, N., Man, X., (2004). Mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Zhonghua Xiaohua Zazhi, 24:8

Drossman, D., Camerilli, M., Mayer, A., whitehead, W., (2002). AGA technical review on irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 123;6:2108-2131

Drossman, D., Ringel, Y., Vogt, B., Leserman, J., Lin, W., Smith, J., Whitehead, W., Alterations of brain activity associated with resolution of emotional distress and pain in a case of severe irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology, 124:754-761, doi: 10.1053/gast.2003.50103

Elsenbruch, S., Rosenburger, C., Bingel, U., Forsting, M., Schedlowski, M., Gizewski, E., (2010). Patients with irritable bowel syndrome have altered emotional modulation of neural responses to visceral stimuli. Gastroenterology, 139:1310-1319

Fukudo, S., Nomura, T., Muranaka, M., (1993). Brain-gut response to stress and cholinergic stimulation in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gasterol, 17;2:133-141

Gershon, M., Tack, J., (2007). The serotonin signaling system: from basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders. Gastroenterology, 132:397-414

Giniatullin, R., Nistri, A., (2013). Desensitisation properties of P2X3 receptors shaping pain signaling. Front Cell Neurosci, 7:245

Grundmann, O., Yoon, S., (2014). Complementary and alternative medicines in irritable bowel syndrome: an integrative view. World J Gastrol, 20: 346-362, doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i2.346

Grundmann, O., Yoon, S., (2010). Irritable bowel syndrome: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment: an update for heatlh-care practitioners. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 25:691-699

Guo, X., Chen, J., Lu., Wu, L., Weng, Z., Yang, L., Xin, Y., Lin, X., … (2013). Electroacupuncture at he-mu points reduces p2x4 receptor expression in visceral hypersensitivity. Neural Regen Res, 8(22):2069-2077, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.006

Han, Y., Ma, T., Lu, M., Ren, L., Ma, X., Bai, Z. (2014). Role of moxibustion in Inflammatory responses during treatment of rat ulcerative colitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(32): 11297-11304. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11297

Huang, R., Zhao, J., Wu, L., Dou, C., Liu, H., Weng, Z., Lu, Y., Shi, Y., … (2014). Mechanisms underlying the analgesic effect of moxibustion on visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome: a review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article ID 895914, 7 pages, doi: 10.1155/2014/895914

Hungin, A., Whorwell, J., Tack, J., Mearin, F., (2003). The prevalence, patterns and impact of irritable bowel syndrome: an international survey of 40,000 subjects. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 17:5;643-650

Ji, T., Li, X., Lin, L., (2014). An alternative to current therapies of functional dyspepsia: self-administered transcutaneous electroacupuncture improves dyspeptic symptoms. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, article ID 832523;7

Kanazawa, M., Hongo, M., Fukudo, S., (2011). Visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 26;3:119-121. doi: 10.111/j.1440-1746.2011.06640

Kang, M., Jia, H., (2008). Progress in mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome, Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi, 16(14):1554-1558

Keszthelyi, D., Troost, F., Masclee, A., (2012). Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. Methods to assess visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 303(2):G141-154

Kim, D., Camilleri, M., (2000). Serotonin: a mediator of the brain-gut connection. Am J Gastroenterol, 95;10:2698-2709

Kong, F., Liu, S., Xu, C., Liu, J., Li, G., Gao, Y., Xu, H., … Tu, G., (2013). Electrophysiological studies of upregulated P2X7 receptors in rat superior cervical ganglia after myocardial ischemic injury. Neurochem Int, 63:230-237

Larsson, M., Tillisch, K., Craif, A., Engstrom, M., Labus, J., Naliboff, B., Lundberg, P., Strom, M., Mayer, E., (2012). Brain responses to visceral stimuli reflect visceral sensitivity thresholds in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology, 142:463-472

Lee, M., Kang, J., Ernst, E., (2010). Does moxibustion work? A overview of systematic reviews. BMC Res Notes, 3:284, doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-284

Li, C., Li, S., (2015). Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in China: a review. World J Gasteroenterol, 21(8):2315:2322

Li, S., Su, B., (2011). Irritable bowel syndrome investigation of psychological factors. Inner Magnolia Yixue Zazhi, 43:833-834

Li, Y., Zhu, B., Rong, P., (2007). Neural mechanism of acupuncture modulated gastric motility. World J Gastroenterol, 2007;13:707-16

Liu, H., Fang, X., Wu, H., Wu, L., Li, J., Weng, Z., Guo, X., Li, Y., (2015). Effects of electroacupuncture on corticotropin-releasing hormone in rats with chronic visceral hypersensitivity. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21(23):7181-7190. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i23.7181

Liu, H., Qi, L., Wang, X., (2010). Electroacupuncture at tianshu (st25) for diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome using positron emission tomography changes in visceral sensation center. Neural Regen Res, 5(16):1220-1225

Liu, M., Zhang, S., Gai, Y., Xie, M., Qi, Q., (2016). Changes in the interstitial cells of cajal and immunity in chronic psychological stress rats and therapeutic effects of acupuncture at the zusanli point. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article ID 1935372, 11 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1635372

Liu, S., Shi, Q., Zhu, Q., Zou, T., Li, G., Huang, A., Wu, B., … Peng, L. (2014). P2X7 receptor of rat dorsal root ganglia is involved in the effect moxibustion on visceral hyperalgesia. Purinergic Signaling, 11:161-169, doi: 10.1007/s11302-014-9439-y

Loguercio, S., (2012). Focus on irritable bowel syndrome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 16(9): 1155-1171

Lovell, R., Ford, A., (2012). Effect of gender on prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 107:7;991-1000

Luo, M., He, J., Guo, Y., Li, C., Zhang, J., (2007). Effect of electroacupuncture and moxibustion of dazhui (gv14) on the number and distribution of degranulated mast cells in gv14 region. Acupuncture Research, 32(5): 327-329

Ma, X., Hong, J., An, C., Zhang, D., Huang, Y., Wu, H., Zhang, C., Meeuwsen, S., (2014). Acupuncture-moxibustion in treating irritable bowel syndrome: how does it work? World J Gastroenterol, 20(20): 6044-6054, doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6044

Ma, X., Tan, L., Yang, Y., Wu, H., Jiang, B., Liu, H., Yang, L., (2009). Effect of electro-acupuncture on substance p, its receptor and corticotropin-releasing hormone in rats with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol, 15:5211-5217, doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.5211

MacPherson, H., Tilbrook, H., Agbedjro, D., Buckley, H., Hewitt, C., Frost, C. (2016). 

Acupuncture for irritable bowel syndrome: 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Acupunct Med, 35(1), 17-23. doi:10.1136/acupmed-2015-010854

Mangel, A., Bornstein, J., Hamm, L., (2008). Clinical trial: asimadoline in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2008;9:331-42

McFarland, L., (2008). State-of-the-art of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease research. World J Gastroenterol, 14:2625-9

Mertz, H., Morgan, V., Tanner, G., Pickens, D., Price, R., Shyr, Y., Kessler, R., (2000). Regional cerebral activation in irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects with painful and nonpainful rectal distention. Gastroenterology, 118:842-848

Nozu, T., Okumura, T., (2011). Visceral sensation and irritable bowel syndrome; with special reference to comparison with functional abdominal pain syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 26(3):122-127

Pan, G., Lu, S., Ke, M., Han, S., Guo, H., Fang, X., (2000). An epidemiological study of irritable bowel syndrome in Beijing - a stratified randomized study by clustering sampling. Zhonghua Liuxingxue Zazhi, 21:26-29

Pan, P., Guo, Y., (2009). Mast cells are one of key factors of amplifying acupuncture effect signal. Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 36(12):2066-2068

Park, J., Lee, B., Lee., H., (2013). Moxibustion in the management of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13:247

Park, J., Rhee, H., Kim, H., (2006). Mucosal mast cell counts correlate with visceral hypersensitivity in patients with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 21(1): 71-78

Qi, L., Liu, H., Yi, T., Wu, L., Liu, X., Zhao, C., Shi, Y., Ma, X., … (2013). Warming moxibustion relieves chronic visceral hyperalgesia in rats: relations to spinal dynorphin and orphanin-fq system. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article ID 920675, doi: org/10.1155/2013/920675

Qin, Z., Li, B., Wu, J., Tian, J., Xie, S., Mao, Z., Zhou, J., Kim, T., (2017). Acupuncture for chronic diarrhea in adults. Medicine, 96:4;e5952. doi.org/10.109/MD.0000000000005952

Rafiei, R., Ataie, M., Ramezani, M., Etemadi, A., Ataei, B., Nikyar, H., Abdoli, S., (2014). A new acupuncture method for management of irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized double blind clinical trial. J Res Med Sci, 19(10):913-917

Ringel, Y., Drossman, D., Turkington, T., Bradshaw, B., Hawk, T., Bangdiwala, S., Coleman, R., Whitehead, W., (2003). Regional brain activation in response to rectal distention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and the effect of a history of abuse. Dig Dis, 48:1774-1781

Rong, W., Spyder, K., Burnstock, G., (2002). Activation and sensitization of low and high threshold afferent fibers mediated by P2X receptors in the mouse urinary bladder. J Physiol, 541(Pt2):591-600

Sandler, R., Stewart, F., Liberman, J., (2010). Abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea in the United States: prevalence and impact. Dig Dis Sci, 45: 1166-71

Schneider, A., Weiland, C., Enck, P., Joos, S., Streitberiger, K., Maser-Gluth, C., 2007. Neuroendocrinological effects of acupuncture treatment in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Complement Ther Med, 15:255-63

Shi, Y., Chen, Y., Yin, X., Wang, A., Chen, X., Lu,J., 4 Rong Ji, . . .Wu, H., (2015). Electroacupuncture versus Moxibustion for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2015, Article ID 361786, 12 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/361786

Shinoda, M., Feng, B., Gebhart, G., (2009). Peripheral and central P2X receptor contributions to colon mechanosensitivity and hypersensitivity in the mouse. Gastroenterology, 137(6):2096-2104

Shinoda, M., La, J., Bielefeldt, K., Gebhart, G., (2010). Altered purinergic signaling in colorectal dorsal root ganglion neurons contributes to colorectal hypersensitivity. J Neurophysiol, 104(6):3113-3123

Tamir, H., Gershon, M., (1990). Serotonin-storying secretory vesicles. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 600:53-66

Tang, Z., (2009). Traditional medicine clinical experience of the treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. Chin J Integr Med, 15:93-94, doi: 10.1007/s11655-009-0093-0

Wang, L., Zhao, J., Huang, R., Tan, L., Hu, H., Weng, Z., Wang, K., Wu, H., … (2016). Study on the mechanism underlying the regulation of the NMDA receptor pathway in spinal dorsal horns of visceral hypersensitivity rats by moxibustion. 

Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article ID 3174608, 11 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3174608

Weng, Z., Wu, L., Lu, Y., Wang, L., Tan, L., Dong, M., Xin, Y., (2013). Electroacupuncture diminishes P2X2 and P2X3 purinergic receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia of rats with visceral hypersensitivity. Neural Regen Res, 8(9): 802-808, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.09.004

Weng, Z., Wu, L., Zhou, C., Dou, Y., Shi, H., Wu, H., (2015). Effect of electroacupuncture on P2X3 receptor regulation in the peripheral and central nervous systems of rats with visceral pain caused by irritable bowel syndrome. Purinergic Signaling, 11:321-329. doi: 10.1007/s11302-015-9447-6

Whitehead, W., Palsson, O., (1998). Is rectal pain sensitivity a biological marker for irritable bowel syndrome: psychological influences on pain perception. Gastroenterology, 115:1263-1271

Wu, H., Jiang, B., Zhou, E., (2008). Regulatory mechanism of electroacupuncture in irritable bowel syndrome: preventing MC activation and decreasing SP VIP secretion. Dig Dis Sci, 53(6):1644-1651

Xu, G., Shenoy, M., Winston, J., (2008). P2X receptor-mediated visceral hyperalgesia in a rat model of chronic hypersensitivity. Gut, 57;9:1230-1237

Yeh, A., Golianu, B. (2014). Integrative treatment of gastrointestinal disease in children. Children, 1: 119-133. doi:10.3390/children1020119

Zhang, R., Lao, L., Ren, K., Berman, B., (2014). Mechanisms of acupuncture-electroacupuncture on persistent pain. Anesthesiology, 120;2:482-503

Zhang, N., Yu, Z., Xu, B., (2013). Research on bidirectional regulation effect of electro-acupuncture modulating jejunal motility under different conditions in rats. World Chin Med, 2013;13:255-8

Zhang, S., Li, Q., Wei, W., (2010). Consensus on standard management of irritable bowel syndrome in TCM. Zhonghua Zhongyiyao Zazhi, 25(7):1062-1065

Zhao, J., Li, L., Chen, L., Shi, Y., Li, Y., Shang, H., Wu, L., Weng, Z., Bao, C., Wu, H. (2017). Comparison of the analgesic effects between electro-acupuncture and moxibustion with visceral hypersensitivity rats in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol, 23(16): 2928-2939. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i16.2928

Zhao, J., Wu, L., Liu, H., Hu, H., Wang, J., Huang, R., Shi, Y., … Tao, S., (2014). Factorial study of moxibustion in treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol, 20(37):13563-13572, doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13563

Zhao, Z., (2008). Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia. Prog Neurobiol, 85(4):355-375

Zheng, H., Li, Y., Zhang, W., Zeng, F., Zhou, S., Zheng, F., . . .Zhu, W. (2016). Electroacupuncture for patients with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhea. Medicine, 95(24): e3884. doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003884

Zhenzhong, L., Xiaojun, Y., Weijun, T., Yuehua, C., Jie, S., Jimeng, Z., . . .Yin, S. (2015). Comparative effect of electroacupuncture and moxibustion on the expression of substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Tradit Chin Med, 35(4): 402-410. Retrieved from http://www.journaltcm.com

Zhou, C., Zhao, J., Wu, L., Huang, R., Shi, Y., Wang, X., Liao, W., Hong, J., … (2014). Mild moxibustion decreases the expression of prokineticin 2 and prokineticin receptor 2 in the colon and spinal cord of rats with irritable bowel syndrome. 

Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article 807308, 11 pages, doi: 10.1155/2014/807308